The role and extent of off-grid systems are then examined in two contrasting Indian states: industrialised Maharashtra and less-developed Odisha. The progress of village electrification is examined via policy announcements and the Indian government’s dedicated websites on progress. This paper aims to provide a contemporary assessment of the policies of the government, and how they manifest in electrification systems in rural and remote India, revealing opportunities and threats for the sector. However, opportunities are directly influenced by government plans and policies, including the integration of grid and off-grid systems. Off-grid electrification may play an important role in energy access for these ‘last mile’ consumers.

Despite this, 305 million people still remain without electricity.

In pursuing the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal of affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy access for all, India’s electrification efforts are dominated by a central electricity grid, with 100% of villages now connected.

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